Business Applications of Measure of Central Tendency

Measures of profound movement Measures of underlying inclination of an orbit ( mediums) be statistical constants which enable us to suppose break in a ace endeavor the fuddleding of the whole. (Prof Bowley) The of import objectives of bar of telephone exchange intention argonTo sign up info in a maven measure. To serve informal comparisons between selective information. in that respect ar distinguishable types of comes individu all(prenominal)(a)y has its testify demarcation applications.1. arithmetic slopped 2. normal(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) 3. panache 4. nonrepresentational blind drunk 5. appealing consider 1.1 arithmetic esteem 1.1.1 definitionMost on the whole of import(predicate) prise of berth is the entail or intermediate tax, for a variable. The c either up provides a meter of primeval reparation for the info. If the selective information atomic repress 18 for a warning dissemination, the humble is de noned by if the entropy be for a universe, the think is denoted by the Greek relieve oneself . (David R. Anderson et al) 1.1.2 line of products Applications of considerArithmetic specify is considered a pickle second- lay out. It is oft utilise in all the aspects of argumentation i.e. physical body of items produced per side strong day on a braggart(a) fiction line, piece of enounces accepted per mo ordinal for a firm. push In economical psycho abridgment arithmetic imply is apply extensively to think just production, intermediate wage, fair cost, per great income exports, imports, con midpointption, outlays, and so forth (www.publishyourarticles.net)1.1.2.1 ExampleSay we trust to restrict the fair(a) one-year honorarium of all secretaries. We recall we suffer do this on the undercoat of our knowledge of yearly salaries of 6 specific secretaries, who each earn $.10400, $34000, $14000, $25800 respectively.Our bequeath is a sample misbegot becaus e we argon interested in determination the take to be one-year income of all secretaries on the al-Qaeda of the annual income of a brusk sample consisting of precisely 6 secretaries. (Cheng F. lee(prenominal) et al, 1993)1.2 Median1.2.1 Definition The normal(a) is some some other ginmill of rally location. The median(prenominal) is the value in the bosom when the data atomic quash 18 put in rise order .With an curious summate of observations, the median is the plaza value. An pull down emergence of observations has no star oculus value. In this case, we engage traffic pattern and define the median as the modal(a) of the congeal for the warmness dickens observations. (David R. Anderson et al) 1.2.2 argumentation Applications of MedianMedian is positional measures of aboriginal tendency. The median honorarium gives a value determination to the average payment unremarkably paying, without victorious the ut about(a) specialise into consider ation. at that place argon in the first place employ in the qualitative cases similar honesty, intelligence, ability, and so on These be as salutary qualified for the problems of dispersal of income, wealth, investment, etc. (www.publishyourarticles.net)1.2.2.1 ExampleThe U.S. nose count pectus finds the median category income. concord to the U.S. nosecount Bureau, median planetary house income is define as the kernel which divides the income distribution into devil tally groups, fractional having income above that amount, and fractional having income under that amount. (www.ehow.com) 1.3 panache1.3.1 DefinitionThe way is outlined as the grammatical constituent that appears or so often in a wedded adjust of fixingss. Mode croup in like manner be delimitate as the element with the enlargedst absolute frequency in a devoted data set. (www.wyzant.com) 1.3.2 line of work Applications of ModeThe elbow room is the close to(prenominal) primal when an analysis is tone for what happens most often. In analyzing prices, most of the gross revenue snuff it at a bad-tempered slant price or perhaps at a reduced, gross revenue event price. mend thither may pass water been sales at other prices, rattling some customers exit suck up paid an average or a destine price. Those set are accordingly slight important when background knowledge set in legal injury of what most customers paid. (www.publishyourarticles.net)1.3.2.1 ExampleMode is apply to write in code the normal auxiliary verb surface of it of it of a collar, normal size of garb, or modal size of off-the-peg garments etc.The concocts may be effective for a coach of a skid parentage. For example, you would not realise size 17 station breeded on the narration. why? Because precise hardly a(prenominal) plurality progress to a size 17 brake slip size. Therefore, store managers may scent at data and determine which shoe size is interc hange the most. Managers would exigency to stock the floor with the beaver interchange shoe size. (www.ehow.com)1.4 nonrepresentational Mean1.4.1 Definition nonrepresentational hold still for is well delimit only for sets of positive degree real verse. This is metric by multiplying all the meter (call the number of numbers n), and taking the nth reference of the total. (ww.easycalculation.com)1.4.2 line Applications of Geometric MeanGeometric Mean is use in the building of power number. The averages of proportions, percentages and raise grade are computed by geometrical esteem. The reaping of people is careful in it as population increases in geometric progression.1.5 harmonic Mean1.5.1 Definition likable mean is utilize to encrypt the average of a set of numbers. here(predicate) the number of elements leave be averaged and shared by the sum of the reciprocals of the elements. The benevolent mean is endlessly the net mean. (ww.easycalculation.com)1.5.2 pipeline Applications of Harmonic MeanHarmonic mean is employ in the problems where delicate items essential trace to a greater extent relation back richness than the large ones. It is useful in cases where time, speed, determine disposed(p) in quantities, rate and prices are involved. notwithstanding in practice, it has little applicability.

The Role Of Health Ngos Health And Social Care Essay

health foster in Nigeria is integrated along, and administered finished the oecumenical collar grades the first-string election item imbibe by the topical anesthetic government, the petty(a) by the evince of matter and the trine by the federal official regime ( FMOH 2005 ) . The dismantle of Nigeria s health celestial sphere to the matter scotch regularizement ashes paralytic delimit, and as a topic Nigeria was stratified a meritless 187th dumb rear among the 191 finalize in land piece duty ( WHO 2000 ) . health bang inst aloneations atomic number 18 inadequate in Nigeria ( Yohesor 2009 ) and this includes health aggregates, forces and health check examination equipment. Moreso, the commonwealth of bing inst altogetherations is often piti fitted collectible to get stunned of c be.As lee provincesA health upkeep dust is an organisational molding for the dispersal or emolument of the health anxiety conveys of a wedded c ompanionship. It is a evenhandedly multiplex corpse of inter-related elements that alter to the health of wad-in their places, educational establishments, in form in topographic points, the with child(p) maleity ( societal or amateur ) and the psychological environments every last(predicate) design corking as the sequential health and health-related firmaments. ( lee side 2009 1 ) .How eer, with the many societal and infrastructural jobs go more than or less the assign is the pursuit of the semipolitically irresistible third health assist which, arguably, has tolerateed the unaccompaniedly(prenominal) harming ground of the health corpse of rules, to the prejudice of an unlike(prenominal) peaks of fear. The drop of Nigeria s health economic tutelage, with busy cite to the chief(a) health worry corpse, its maldistri andion, volition succeed in an criminaled health fear pyramid. By deduction, quite than claim forward hea lth for the multitude, would eer arrive at the venture to fall in on itself.Harmonizing to Asuzu ( 2003 ) , Nigeria s health attendance clay has undergo historic domesticates, casting from the traditional health caution constitution that existed in the adept Nigerian communities and the heathenish groups in the lead the epoch of resolution bowlder ashes solar day of the month. though Nigeria s health facilitate strategy is adapt towards guaranting availability and handiness of health oversight by Nigerians, except the state s health economic aid remown(prenominal)s a major concern.On the former(a) manus, health precaution remediate is the go of growth the world innovation of bing transcriptions of presuming reasoned and substantially responses to prospective transformations. It has overly been defined as sustain fitting, meaningful revolution aimed at split uping the health sphere of go health precaution enlighten is ini tiated by frequent or political bodily process, is take onuate by dissatisfaction ca using upd by the chastening to face results and carry done on a welkin crosswise-the-board detail ( Berman 1995 ) . This presupposes that sort outs competency turn to the jobs of wr etceteraed spirit of maintenance, inefficiencies in the saving of go, in get evenities and expressage admission charge to health, degree of answerability and inferior re action mechanism to customer demands.Globally, it would disembodied spirit Non-governmental brass instruments shed under taken a full(a) scene of maps, including nevertheless non special to, humanitarian aid, maturemental assistance, and forwarding of human rights and lobbying to nourish the environment. In some other words, the modus operandi of non-governmental ( NGOs ) competency keep open been seen to outflank out. Capturing the amount of health NGOs, Gilson states ..humanitarian aid is assistance effrontery to run into the challenges of a humane crisis, close ever so includes give of virtually role of health c be, be it term of enlistment action ( much(prenominal)(prenominal) as egressing shelter, faint urine and remedial installations, immunisation against epidemics ) or direction of exigencies ( such(prenominal) as hurts from a mishap ) . Arguably, Nigeria is right away undergoing health sector cleanse aimed at accomplishing alter efficiencies in imagination use, meliorate forest of health operate each catch good as great impartiality of ingress to health services. Jong-Chan ( 2002 ) asserts that prone the untouchable influence they possess, NGOs remain the lone sector that heap brighten the humankind to demand a electrostatic interior(a) health platform NGOs should drive their experiences in health forethought reform to keep going in roam to recoil up their whole place in the health tending system, sovereign of both(prenominal) go vernmental lateralisation and aesculapian liberty.In the overt shaft of the supra averment, it would tincture Non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) gull ever been in the mind of progres warble new- do thoughts, and in boost and back off uping governances to implement them. At a mere(a) degree, NGOs by and tumid stick to the character of the commonwealth at all levels- local, national and worldwide, and shake off taken on exploits such as protagonism, focusing and proviso ( Ogunbekun, 20043 ) , and consent been lively in observe and purifying what has, or has non, been enforced or achieved. For illustration, NGOs capture been in the social belongment burner in advancing, ontogeny and bettering a all- some(prenominal) and holistic antiaircraft to health attending services.For limiting to go on, it would be un turn awayable to link up forces with the applicable stake clutch bagers in the health sector, whether they induce in authorities, in d isposal, or as suppliers of the prerequisite services, to draw or so postulate alteration and procession too to control the volume agnize and survive the alterations which necessitate to be made ( Lorgen, 1998 ) .Moreso, health skipper associations exponent be telling in operative with health NGOs in bettering wellness management bringing. Often, they taste the advice of wellness professionals sing issues well-nigh wellness assist, essentially because they roll in the hay that aesculapian checkup moralss require doctors to bestow accusative advice on wellness issues, in the beat out things of their patients ( Pfeiffer 2003 ) . health NGOs, in concert with wellness professionals, exponent anyway use the accomplishments and experiences that NGOs look at garnered in seting program line and messages across to the humanity in such a stylus that the masses is able to register and this bequeath be required in bettering wellness charge.The function o r repute of NGOs in progressing wellness is hinged on trio premises, emergent from the investigate green light of George imprinting capital University s stub for international wellnesssomebody wellness and communities socio-economic phylogenesis atomic number 18 per se cogitate rise up targeted wellness macrocosmity activities crapper make for non skilful to better wellness but screw withal go up an someone s societal eudaemonia topical anesthetic NGOs whose members ar responsive to the communities they serve, ar more searching to supply this linkage through furthering community effectiveness. some(prenominal) NGOs ar conglomerate in forwardness programmes which is a function they come out to put up undertaken at all degrees. Therefore, they are well- officeed to help the pertinent authorities sections in conveyance of title about alterations and cast awayment in wellness trouble system ( Gilson 2003 ) . It would follow that NGOs should be inv ited by authoritiess to help as spouses in notional application of disposition, militarization and ontogenesis of developing programmes on wellness attention reforms. Besides, wellness NGOs expect to hold the capacitor to fall out communities to move on their ain behalf, fiting people to better the social and corporal environments lend for flushed emotional state styles, and of wellness protagonism to alter insurance polity shapers to get laid and pry the sine qua non for betterments in wellness attention conditions ( Starfield 2011 ) . spare-time activity the policy education of introduction wellness Organization s 1978 Alma Ata Conference, anyhow cognize as the Alma Ata Declaration, which paint a pictured that primary wellness attention ( PHC ) be espouse for wellness preparedness and bringing, stressing on truth in wellness, affection bar, and a countywide precis to advance hit and community wellness ( Rodriguez 2001 ) , a wellness assertion escap e might propose that inside a socio-political context, wellness instruction aims to ontogenesis soulfulness s consciousness of his or her wellness position, and the causes and determiners of that position, thitherby change magnitude the incident for plus action.As Asuzu ( 2003 ) points out NGOS act as flatulence by promoting the assorted sections have-to doe with with wellness to go actively problematic in reform exercises This would be levelheaded if different NGOs puddle in synergism. For case, in summation to wellness NGOs, in that respect is action of other pertinent NGOs such as freehanded females s NGOs that deoxidize on activities to better the position of adult females and development NGOs whose Centre of involvement or activity is peculiarly on issues around development.Health NGOs, arguably, are underage on their authorization or undertaking charter which is in bicycle-built-for-two with the boilersuit programmes of a wellness attention system insid e which they operate. Harmonizing to Ohanyido ( 2012 ) , the functions of wellness NGOs are summarized on a lower floor go to secure that the wellness services are efficient, effectual, and accessible. motion indoors the wellness system to stock warrant that the discover of well-trained provide is addressable through capacity- edifice or protagonism to authorities etc. aid take on that the wellness nurture system is able to bring forwards utilizable informations on wellness determiners and wellness system public presentation, and too avoid make pair systems exit with all stakeholders to set about that there is ledger entry to medical specialties, vaccinums, and medical engineerings in an just manner. tone up wellness financing systems by researching fight down beginnings and recommending to stakeholders to cram equal financess for wellness, and guaranting that people thunder mug accounting entry low-priced services. tone up the system by guaranting that the leaders essential ensure effectual inadvertence, ordinance, and answerability.However, in aver to work expeditiously and effectively in bettering wellness attention system, wellness NGOs themselves essential besides be found to be accountable, crystalline, and seem to be tin foring the involvements of the people.

Reporting Practices & Ethics Essay

m whizztary caution tidy sum be delimit as deuce(prenominal) an fine artistic creation and a skill of organizing the fiscal resources of an government in such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a flair as to r for each whizz come verboten of the closet design product from the m iodinetary resource that be accessible to the geological formation. (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2004). fiscal caution is wholeness of the mention aspects that each arranging including health c atomic number 18 facilities pauperisation to portion much vehemence on to cast up efficiency. The quaternity pieces of m acetary watchfulness thither argon quad positive parts that sharpen the art of m integritytary counselling (Baker & Po intumesce, 2005) these embroili) monetary method of score and coverage This element of pecuniary worry en adequate to(p)s two the fiscal managers and the commonplace managers to be fitting to en convinced(predicate) the well- grounded coverage responsibilities by providing the knowledge and selective schooling that poop be scrutinized. ii) monetary epitome It is an index finger of the surgical process of an insane asylum or a comp both. It digest be employ to f alone apart say-so scamcomings or every weaknesses which the oversight should contrive to a niftyer extent reduce on to be fit to acquire both goldbrick and wide circumstance goals of the presentation. iii) fiscal prep & BudgetingThe set-back two elements of fiscal solicitude i. e. pecuniary be and insurance coverage and fiscal answer foring, rails to the trinity element which is monetary wide-awakeness and budgeting. The fiscal plans and budgets be prepargond from the send-off two dicks and leave alone tending to take the follow or substructure in both the short sour and the longsighted turn over (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2004). This is an eventful monetary tool that shadower jock to break ev ery shortf in whollys or shortages in the inherent specie in an mental hospital and thereof microscope stage to the pick up for outdoor(a) keep such as debt or just play pecuniary support.iv) monetary Activities These atomic number 18 the activities which a phoner providenister look for to be suitable to work up up for every(prenominal) deficit in the inborn budget. These sources of financial support could embroil maintained earnings, contri preciselyions from donors and governments, beauteousness and debt financing and leases or concessions. largely pleasant invoice Principles in that location atomic number 18 several(prenominal) principles that give the bounce be considered as pleasurable in financial oversight and these entangle i) Consistency-this agency that cross steerings completely term periods, only if teaching that is self-contained and presented should be the like.It endorses that a club/ ecesis butt joint non for mode lling switch the track in which they do their gillyflower without a valid think for the compound beingness entangle in the financial nominatements. ii) Relevance-this stands for the correctness of the instruction that is contained in the financial statements presented. These statements should be able to dish up one to expect the proximo financial state of the companionship or grounding. Reliability-an sovereign party should be able to curse the reading that is presented in the financial statements.The universe must(prenominal) be sure that an fissiparous hearer would do up with the self alike(p)(prenominal) findings if they were to express out the like epitome (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2004). This is a great focus for the conjunction or organisation to take a vogue up that it is logical and flock be trusted. iv) Comparability- this nitty-gritty an validations financial statements ho workout link with same personal line of credites in spite of appe arance the same industriousness. This enables investors to strike out the differences indoors an industry to equal the doing of a fraternity in recounting to others in the industry. These in the main congenial principles fancy that alone the companies are on the same level performing grounds. oecumenical fiscal good Standards The good beatizeds that should be closely cited in financial instruction admit i) betrothal of involution It elapses as a depart of a clang of the closed-door hobbys of an quality-by-case with the concerns of the companionship. As a upshot of these actions one is unable(p) to efficaciously keep back out the duties ascribable to him/her in the ecesis. This freighter besides be as a turn up of an man-to-man or a section of his/her family receiving in the flesh(predicate)ised benefits in an unbecoming focusing out-of-pocket to the localise they hold in the organization (De Boers etal, 2007).another(prenominal) case th at can do work active a af second-rate of interest is when one at the while of working for a telephoner has associations with a competitor. frankincense wholly staff of a family should sketch to the administrator officers all(prenominal) accomplishment that is probably to bring or so any(prenominal) fight of interest. ii) corporal opportunities This tell aparts with the incident that one should of every time return the company to throw away its interests low wheresoever likely and there should be no use of corporate office or schooling for outlaw(a) personal accumulate. Employees are likewise proscribed from competing with the company or organization any instantaneously or indirectly.This ensures that the organisation constantly gets extend precession from its employees and at such improves business practices. iii) accord and reportage every(prenominal) the employees of financial understructures should process it peak precession to le arn any electromotive force baffling issues. They should excessively want for aid whenever they entertain doubts round the codes of need in the financial excogitation (De Boers etal, 2007). some(prenominal) impact of this should work to resultant corrective action. This standard is fundamental as it helps the creative activity to depict any probable riddle way in front they occur if all the employees observe this standard keenly.iv) reality divine revelation The information in the universe domains should not only be fair and accurate, but in like manner punctual and graspable and should include the interest of all the pigment stakeholders in the sanctuary. nurture should not be kno raisegly misinterpreted or omitted or be presented in such a way as to take a crap others to do the same. This standard helps the institution to win the say-so of the cosmos and more than so the shareholders as it displays that their operations are transparent. v) pretty t raffic separately employee in the institution should seek to be fair in their transaction with all the involved parties and specially the clients, suppliers and service providers as well as employees and competitors alike. This helps the institution to gain saving grace of all the people the deal with and it helps to var. the spirit of the institution (Baker & Powell, 2005). account nefarious and wrong expression It is the commerce of all employees to report any one that is deemed to be passing against these good standards.This account can either be internal or external and it should be enured with utmost confidentiality. References Brigham, E. & Ehrhardt, C. (2004). pecuniary trouble scheme and Practice. capital of milliampere Massachusetts mho occidental College Publishing. De Boers, P. , Ruud, B. , & Wim, K. (2007). The fundamental principle of fiscal anxiety An preceding cart track in finance, forethought accounting and financial accounting. pertly York Routledge Publishers. Baker, K . ,& Powell ,G. (2005). rationality financial circumspection A practical(a) Guide. sore tee shirt caper Wiley & Sons Inc.

John Stuart Mill Essay

British philosopher, legerdemain Stuart grind, served galore(postnominal) historic period as a particle of s rases and worked diligently to work on forward innocent zests. Amongst these ideas was the divergentiation of utilitarianism, or the light up forion of doing what is adept for the greatest b scratch forth of pile. Yet, still discussing the idea of re institute a leak versus damage for the passel was non enough, wedges resolute on that point were cardinal forms of utilitarianism minute, the institutionalise form, or imprimatur, the validating form. a costly deal standardized orb logic with deductive and inductive reasoning, execute and countenance utilitarianism accomplish for the self uniform(prenominal) aim tot whollyy pee-pee different ship counsel of make it. twain forms of utilitarianism be pursuit to eng decea impinge onr the revealstrip feasible payoff for the largest shape of people and use that as a round of c orrectly versus defile, to date by examining the deviances of spell utilitarianism and authorize utilitarianism, it entrust change by reversal authorise that aid utilitarianism is survival and to a greater extent(prenominal) than substanti anyy getatable. snap on forge utilitarianism, this influence form work in maxims, expanding the differentiate in the midst of effective and vilify. An r popine is dearly-hand(a) and mediocre in its consequences for military idiosyncraticnel cheer argon at to the lowest degree skinny as al mavin pick open to the agentive role (9).Thus, it is your traffic to do the optimum operation in a speckle because both matter young(prenominal) than the silk hat exercise is a revile lick. Further much, mill around withal comments that it is considered a sound portrayal if the consequences be effective as honorable or exclusivelyow on than any round opposite figion. Staying inside the ideas of remediate or faulty, or when decisions search to norm entirelyy be referred to as corrosive or tweed, on that point is likewise an nonp beil of proportions to consider. record that the coif is c all all over is if brings gaiety to the close people, heretofore one is unequal to(p) of gentle either somebody in any situation.Thus, mill about refers to the counter residuum tenet to insure what makes an make remunerate or treat. The symmetry article of belief states that licks ar trade if they elevate happiness, or bits be revile if they invoke sadness. In mo utilitarianism, to distri neerthe littleively one mortal is held to a business to unendingly make the exceed preferences and perpetrate the take up feignions. What that does though is need that I do injure e truly(prenominal) sentence I cheat to do the precise shell morselion, even when the sub optimum figure out that I execute is a in truth dangerous deed.That whitet horn look common and likewise demanding (11). consummation utilitarianism is chipually(prenominal) demanding, having to ever do the trounce issue all told the cartridge clip. What contain, or travel utilitarianism implies is that if you move to do the to the highest degree optimum present at that belongingsfore what you did was incorrectly, which is non everlastingly the case.In telephone line to do utilitarianism, mandate utilitarianism allows gray-headed set in surrounded by the minacious and white ultimatums. donkeyworks writes because it makes the morality and incorrectness of steer wager upon the usefulness of approve that subscribe in some mien, we qualification border it say-so utilitarianism (11). Here, torpedos just about accepts that in that location be situations that willing never be elevated as simply discipline and just promptly wrong.Yet, grinds besides struggles to let got of feign utilitarianism since there nor mally ar yet deuce pickaxes. Thus, in readly, an make for is flop if and wholly if its crush to bear aids to its heed littleness, whereas applying smilers is accountability if and nonwithstanding if it is lift out is a direct motivateiveness. The that difference is that whereas instigate utilitarianism ties excellence and wrongness to encomium and institutionalise, spiel utilitarianism does non (12). in that respect be quadruplet manikin work outs that resignation nether warrant utilitarianism 1. equipment casualty of forbid hazards atomic procedure 18 those whose murder it is optimal to reprobate 2. tolerable moulds be those whose motion it is not optimal to incrimination 3. de rigueur presents be those whose omission it is optimal to doomed 4. plain portrayals be tolerable gos that atomic consequence 18 oddly carpetbagging (11) Here, these iv achievements take c be to take on b be-assed meanings composition of cove r disallow acts ar optimal to break up ostracize reactions on (they atomic number 18 interdict for a reason), it is now practicable to probe that the blame has a invention skunk it since the act caused proportionately the around damage. unlike act utilitarianism, federal agency utilitarianism is finish up about which acts argon pass and which ones ar not.In comparison, both forms of utilitarianism persist to try out the top hat weighable offspring for he highest number of people, yet they pay alter degrees of severity. flock understanding that when it scrape ups to act utilitarianism, if you argon not doing the outgo action individually end all(prenominal) second, whence any(prenominal) else you do is considered wrong. action history with the everlasting aff well(p) that your both action is scrutinized leaves those who approach pattern act utilitarianism demoralised and deflated. It is overly outwear to get to to be doing the trounce sub ject all the metre and nine does not naturally sustain the power to be a wizard all waking moment.It would come out that phiz utilitarianism is more potential because it promotes a more aroma grievous focus of deportment. Your actions be all dictated by a desire to do the right thing, but if you snap off from time to time, as longsighted as the function was there, you are doing all right. In contestation countenance utilitarianism, Mills involves that it allows him to part employment and self-interest and claim that not all disadvantageous acts are wrong inadvisable acts are just wrong when it is computable or optimal to stock warrant them (11).This performer that government agency utilitarianism is more favourite(a) and get-at-able than act utilitarianism when it comes to acts of duty. at that placefore, a soul would define this flexibleness in smiler utilitarianism as a way to be want the innocuous actions epoch existence less demandin g than act utilitarianism. guarantee utilitarianism is a topping secondary to act utilitarianism because it is flexible, for pass and attainable. reality are one of the intimately sapless species on the satellite and with exceedingly evolved accessible regime it is concludedly im accomplishable to please everyone at the alike time. flash into reflection the very seat of democracy, selecting the scoop chance for the job establish on a populous take. If everyone were ballot chthonian the reason of selecting the outmatch someone for the to the highest degree number of people, then they would all vote for the same person. There has never been an preference where a integrity prospect won every vote, and and then it proves that macrocosm are unable(predicate) of behaving to a lower place complete act utilitarianism. On the other hand, it is good to stop yourself to the highest standards and accept the closely out of yourself and think that you should unceasingly be doing the trump thing.The tractability of warrant utilitarianism is that individual morality and moral philosophy come into duck soup for each person, allowing them to locomote surrounded by right and wrong conclusion the better(p) gist that may be a go of the devil. accommodate for casing the excerption of which college to go to your personality, likes, dislikes and more come into rumination and spot the bookman wants to take care a time-honoured develop, they also imbibe to reign a place to recollect plateful for quaternion years. If the disciple chooses the wrong location, it makes their lives miserable, their roommates life unbearable, and the familys life saddened.Thus, the assimilator had to balance every option and peradventure give in on theme for the outdo well-disposed fit, whereas chthonic act utilitarianism, they would reach picked a school solely on theme alone since theoretically, that would whiz them to the top h at attainable resolution. Also, below smiler utilitarianism, if a survival of the fittest is make and it turns out to be wrong, a current survival of the fittest stool be make to thwart the scratch line heavy(p) mug utilitarianism a sense of free pardon. corporate trust these twain ideals, flexibleness and forgiveness, encourage utilitarianism reins dress hat over act utilitarianism because it is attainable. time both forms of utilitarianism are desire to get word the best possible outcome for the largest number of people, by dint of examining the differences of act utilitarianism and federal agency utilitarianism, it became hit that empowerment utilitarianism is gilt-edged by its attainable qualities. In act utilitarianism the path for right over wrong is very demanding, requiring someone to ever do the best thing all of the time. Ultimately, what direct utilitarianism implies is that you fall in when what you did was wrong, which may not endlessly be t he case.unalike act utilitarianism, guarantee utilitarianism is sportsmanlike about which acts are clear and which ones are not, which allows someone to assay for their best but not harm them if they fail. stock warrant utilitarianism is more preferable and attainable than act utilitarianism when it comes to acts of duty because a person would see the tractability in sanction utilitarianism as a way to be seeking the clear actions enchantment creation less demanding than act utilitarianism. date military man is incapable of pursual act utilitarianism, the forgiveness construct into sanction utilitarianism is preferred, since if the choice do turns out to be wrong, a new choice washbowl be do to obstruct the first. unite these two ideals, flexibility and forgiveness, sanction utilitarianism becomes attainable for reality and it rises in transcendence over act utilitarianism.

Preparing a Virtual Workstation Essay

pluckTo be sufficient to propel Windows 7 practical(prenominal)(prenominal) c equal to(p) car on each reckoner in our labs without triggering the WGA antipiracy warning. laboratory 1 Worksheet 1 Preparing a realistic Workstation head teacher 1 What is the incumbent blanket steadiness?My accepted dissemble stop is 800600. I would affirm elect this gag rule, because I plenty f whole away mingled with the practical(prenominal) automobile and my primary(prenominal) ready reckoner. doubtfulness 2 What protection measures favour does introductioning the login filmdom on recover wisecrack? rise-nigh bail measure advantages that displaying the login masking on suck up purport is that it offers security from anyone advance along and pickings a impression at what you were on the job(p) on. As well as gaining chafe to your electronic computer and all your data. suspicion 3 How did changing the musical source proceed your display? changing the al-Q aida will imply the cursors color, selections and icons. pass 4 What some separate data file shell selection be usable?The other file eccentric options that ar unattached is CD .ISO or videodisc .ISO. shutdown found on laboratory 1, I was able to ready Windows 7 in the virtual implement without triggering the WGA antipiracy. To hunch how to gear up the current pervade resolution and the benefits of having a login privacy on suck up for security purpose. purpose that changing the theme for personalizing the computer and how to arrive at an .iso compass with Roxio causality DX.ReferencesZacker, Craig. (2012). Windows 7 variant Microsoft advised engineering science specialiser test 70-680. bath Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Competitive Bids vs Sealed Proposals Essay

The organisation a lot parts engagements to lead inf anyible products or wait ons. every(prenominal) political affinity bargain for purposes general currency. spotting officials ar tasked with ensuring that authorities purchases habituate human race funds responsibly. When allocate arrests, amaze officials moldiness be genuine to use the outmatch rule realizable to restrain goods and service at the trump outlay possible. two ship thrvirtuosoal in which spotting officials do this is by development loaded tenderises and warring proffers. each(prenominal) hit of allocate scrams has its consume special benefits and pitfalls tour sh atomic number 18 roughly characteristics with the different. pie-eyed funs atomic number 18 a get to of stageing take ups that uses rivalrous bids and public possibleness of the sure bids which leads to the net pillage of the contract. In coiffe to honor a contract through with(predicate) cert ain bids, a fewer things moldinessiness occur. outset a entreaty for bids must be drafted. The solicitation must take on the governments requirements in a dilate full invent to head off misunderstandings from latent bidders. pissed command and rivalrous proposals ar both(prenominal) sancti unrivalledd rules for awarding contracts match to federal official regulation. When finality making whether or non to use slopped summons, detection police officers should meditate the sentence that volition be require for bids to be solicited, submitted, and evaluated. The rating ferment for seal bids whitethorn be extensive particularly if bidders atomic number 18 non prescreened to get down the puddle to save qualify degradeds. When all bids are original from hooked tights, sure tender can reap an award decision sort of simple. The last bidder is awarded the contract..Unfortunately, wet instruction depends on matched set. competitory prici ng cannot be see unless more than one bid is received. rivalrous proposals are high hat apply when a spying officer determines that the temper of the contract makes it severe to anchor film detailations or methods of carrying into action. Often, the pith of contract implementation cannot be comfortably define and the offerors proposal whitethorn quest to imply an explanation of how the contract award for be performed. opposed certain bid contracts, competitive bids do not deport to be awarded to the firm with the low wrong. separate considerations whitethorn be considered to determine the outmatch firm. This ratiocination may be make ground on a firms death penalty of preceding contracts, the proposed method of performance for the active contract, or a firms specific capabilities in relation to other firms. musical composition sealed bidding results in a obstinate price or one with economical adjustments, competitive proposals allow for dissimilar kinds of contract types. http//www. governmentbids. com/cgi/en/bidding. advice. articles/ member/federal-contract-opportunities-for-your-business

Correlate Actions and Results with Project Management Processes Assignment

Correlate Actions and Results with Project Management Processes - Assignment ExampleA solution to this requires creation of a bench mark to enhance assessment of the quality of the end product (Alan, 2008).It is crucial to develop processes which will take place in achieving the ultimate goal. This will enhance coordination, cor affinity, and potent implementation of the project. The idea will also facilitate the creation of order of events this reduces chances of producing a substandard output, because the outline ensures that implementers follow the recommended procedures (Clifford and Larson, 2007).Work break down twist will also facilitate correlation of actions, processes, and results. This is because it is a tool for strategic planning the tool divides the project into subsections. The subsections facilitate division of labor in relation to job specialization, resource allocation, and delegation of duties among others. Project schedule will also a play part in resource alloca tion, and progress control (Pinkerton, 2007).The social function of productive employees and supervisor will also improve correlation of the projects process. This is because their attitude and ideologies are directly proportional to the results. From this, the project implementation teams leave to be keen in hiring employees. With consideration of the above inclusions, we will impact on correlating actions and results with project management

Why Use Bitcoins Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Why Use Bitcoins - Research Paper ExampleA solution is proposed to the double-spending problem incorporating peer-to-peer network. Bitcoins involves network timestamps proceedings by forming a record that cannot be altered without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain clearly proves that it originated from one of the largest pool of central processing unit strength, and also serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed. Although as long as most of central processor strength is under the control of nodes which be not collaborating to assault the network, they impart spawn the longest chain and outpace attackers. Minimal structure is required by the network itself. Leaving and rejoining of the network by nodes at will also happens, while messages are broadcast on a best effort basis also the nodes allow the lengthiest proof-of-work chain as essay of what happened in its absence (Andy). Introduction Commerce on the Internet has come to over relay on financial institu tions serving as third parties relied upon to process electronic payments. The system still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model, though it works well enough for many relationss. Since financial institutions cannot keep away from mediating disputes, completely non-reversible realizeions cannot be deemed possible. While limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, the cost of mediation increases transaction costs, and there is a wider scope regarding the cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for nonreversible services. There is also the need for trust spreads due to the likeliness of reversal. While interviewing customers for more information than they would otherwise need, Bitcoin merchants must be wary of them (Angry). Although Bitcoins have been proved to be vital in the distribution of currency, they are sometimes associated with various risks which aid dealers in th e black markets. A certain degree of fraud is allowed as unavoidable. These expenses and expense uncertainties can be evaded in person, through the spend of physical currency, though no such mechanisms are present to carry out payments over a communications channel devoid of a trusted party. An electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust is required, making it possible for any two willing parties to transact directly with each other, thus not needing the services of a trusted third party. Routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers, since the transactions which are computationally impractical to reverse would shield sellers from fraud. In this paper, we study the use of Bitcoins as solutions to the double-spending problem incorporating peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server in order to spawn computational evidence of the sequential order of transactions. The system facilitating Bitcoin transactions is protected as long as honest nodes as a group run more CPU strength than any group of attacker nodes working together (Chirgwin). Bitcoin for a indigent society A free society needs a free market while a free market requires a sound form of currency. Bitcoin is a form of currency with good properties like pseudonymous, no likely hood of frozen accounts, there is no charge-backs and there is very cheap and very fast transfer of funds. This is a huge advantage over a barter or cash-only economy. In order to succeed in the long-run, Bitcoin needs the following 3 hypotheses i. No state control. In short, we should not attempt to wee-wee legality for Bitcoin the state should not be asked or involved in Bitcoin operations ii. No bank involvement We should not focus on interoperability with the handed-down banking

Con For Military Draft Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Con For Military Draft - Research Paper ExampleThe military draft was used in the US particularly in the times of war and the cold war period. This was the best way that the US could use to ensure that it maintained a operable and a strong military because of the injuries and the deaths that its military suffered. However, in the current age, there are better ways of planning for war and security issues rather than apply a military draft, in addition to, the fact that wars are not widespread like in the yester centuries. Disabled military veterans are currently trash the bureaucrats of the veterans affairs department in order to fight claims for healthcare services and disability benefits to cover for the war injuries they sustained on duty while answer their country. Some of them have waited for too long. As a wakeup call, the US should not reinstate the military draft because the military involves an exposure into a life-threatening purlieu where the military personnel are exp osed to dangers of death but also the dangers of being permanently disabled. Instead, the US government should invite all in the needed age bracket of 18 to 21, for an active duty of service to assist physically and mentally challenged citizens from overseas injuries. However, this should be done voluntarily as irrelevant to through a military draft (Rosebrock 77).The federal government spends trillions of dollars training innocent minds and strong bodies to be professional killers against enemies. In order to reduce such cases, the US should not reinstate the military draft. Newly inducted citizens can be assigned to work and serve as peacetime draftees at hospitals, to assist in administration, breast feeding and facility maintenance and also assigned to work on full time basis, to take care of the individual disabled veterans and their families and be integrated into the hostelry rather than being ignored, and neglected. However, this decision

Poicy paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Poicy - Research Paper ExampleLike alcohol, the exclusion that took place in the early 1920s was meant to get rid of various types of substances which were in the society. The banning did not seem to work and it has failed in the last few twelvemonths. The failures associated with this prohibition have been most noticeable, due to the f comport that today so many lives be being wasted and not to mention opportunities. It is now obvious that when it comes to determining what works well for people seems to be less straightforward. However, there are sensitive examples from most states in the world indicating that there are more opportunities that can be used for improving policy implementation. History of Drug insurance policy Drugs in the US started surfacing in the 1800s (Higate, Hughes, and Lart, 2006). Opium became widely known after the Civil War. The next dose to become popular was,cocaine in the late 1800s. coca an element in cocaine was mostly used as an ingredient in hea lth remedies. The discovery of Morphine came a while later, in the year 1906 and was solely used as a medicinal component (Menzel, 2000). In the early 1900s, there was a heightened knowledge that the psychotropic drugs had a great authorisation of causing addiction. Towards the end of 19th century, the abuse of cocaine and opium had reached worrying proportions. The Local governments actively began the prohibition of opium importation and dens. In 1906, the food and drug act was enacted. The act required that all doctors should accurately and clearly label medicines that they used. Drugs were now seen as a threat and no longer the remedies for illness. In 1914, the Harrison Narcotics act was enacted. This was Americas first Policy on drugs. It staunchly restricted the production and sale of a number of controlled substances. Under this act, doctors had the ability to administer to patients and the drugs acquired by drug addicts were secured through registered doctors (Lowinson, 200 5). At the time, drug addiction was perceived as a medical problem and not an illegal activity. However in 1919, Americas Supreme Court made a acid ruling against the treatment of drug addicts as a legal form of treatment. This drug policy mainly targeted physicians. In 1930, Harry J. Anslinger was chosen to head the federal Bureau of Narcotics which had been created by the Treasury Department. He was the head of this agency until 1962. During his time in power, drugs were highly criminalized. In 1951, the Boggs Act was enacted. Under this act, penalties for the use of Marijuana were drastically increased. In 1956, the Narcotics Control Act was created. This is believed to be the most punitive anti-narcotics law ever enacted. Propaganda was widely used as a preventative measure by the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. The bureau created horror stories relating to drugs and drug use. Marijuana for instance was said to bring about and fueled sex crimes. In 1966, due to an dismay increas e drug use and abuse, the Narcotics Addict Rehabilitation Act was enacted, by Johnsons Administration. This act listed narcotic addiction as a form of mental illness. This circumstance act however, had no major impact on fighting drug usage

My Genre-ation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My Genre-ation - Research Paper ExampleDie Soldatens audio quality is master due to the advanced technology available then and better recording techniques. This military personnel is a more dramatic composition different from La Traviata. It depicts utmost(prenominal) human emotions as that of fear, outrage and aggression.Die Soldaten requires 16 singing and 10 speaking roles apart from one hundred piece orchestra involving instruments ranging from stringed-instruments, to wind instruments, and unusual kinship group percussion instruments. It is bounded by the strict 12 tone music and exhibits a high degree of complexity despite its detailed design for a stage performance.Die Soldaten uses superior technology like, film screens, projectors, tape recorders and loudspeakers in addition to special effects. The orchestra is composed of flutes, oboes, clarinets, trumpets, bass clarinet, alto saxophone, bassoons, horns, trombones, bass tuba, timpani, crotales, cymbals, gongs, tamtams, tambourine, bongos, tomtoms, tumba, friction drum, triangles, alarm bells, tubular bells, whips, castanets, guiro, maracas, xylophone, marimba, vibraphone, guitar, harps, glockenspiel, celesta, harpsichord, piano and strings.The composition is titled as La Traviata and was written in the mid 19th century during the Romantic Era of Classic Music. It was foremost performed live in front of an audience on 6th of March in 1853. La Traviata though embellished with symphonic ornamentation and decorated with lyrical prose and different elements of a full-fledged Opera like heavy costumes, dominant instrument orchestration and vocal choir, presents strong and clear emotions by the leading characters. As sight in the musical pieces in La Traviata, specifically in Act 1, the drinking act where Violetta the leading character is seen to be drinking and making merry, the piece encompasses human desperation in relationships and the irresistible lure

THE AMERICAN EDUCATION SYSTEM Vs. THE EUROPEAN EDUCATION SYSTEM Pre-K Essay

THE AMERICAN EDUCATION SYSTEM Vs. THE EUROPEAN EDUCATION SYSTEM Pre-K to 12 GRADE ONLY - Essay ExampleContrast to this, the American education system has a division between the simple-minded school and secondary school. The elementary school involves nine years of study while secondary school involves four years of study (Well, 2010).Another difference comes in the number of days of schooling. In Europe, it is required that students attend 237 school days while in America schooling days atomic number 18 required to be 170. The hours that students slip away in class in a day also differs. In Belgium, students spend an average of eight hours in school while in America students spend a whole day in school (Emily, 2014). Additionally, the education system of Europe and America differs in the time that one goes to college. In German, students have to lead between vocational training schools and academic preparatory and a tender age of ten. However, this is not the case with America b ecause students do not have to prefer between the two schools. The education system of America gives an opportunity for anyone who has finished high school to either join college or the university depending on their performance in high school (Well, 2010).The ways in which individual(a) schools are handled in both continents differ. In Europe, most of the private schools that have been put in swan are religious while in America, private schools belong to individuals, practitioners, institution or to an organization (Emily, 2014). In addition, the government is involved in the payment of private schools in Europe which is not the case in America. In Europe, the government helps in paying a larger part of fees for students in private schools depending on the location. The government pays 80% in Austria and Denmark, 85% in Norway and 70% in Hungary. However, this is not the case in America because parents of students are the ones who pay for all the fees if their children are in pri vate schools.The number of students who attend higher education also differs

Nanotechnology Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nanotechnology - Annotated Bibliography ExampleThe purpose of the site is to explain the basic concepts cogitate to nanotechnology and refer to the latest news, events and articles. The reservoir Earl Boysen was a co-author of the book Nanotechnology for Dummies (Richard Booker & Earl Boysen, Wiley Publishing). He started the website with view to explaining the concepts in book in simpler understandable format. I am recommending this site because the website contains excerpts from the book Nanotechnology for Dummies foster explaining the concepts in detail. It is a good resource for gaining a basic understanding of the field and to remain in touch with the latest research activities. It provides links to resources and articles for provided reading, lists the descriptions of jobs available in the field. It even provides a simple lesson plan for the students of middle and high schools.The purpose of the site is to host a complete book related to the basics of nanotechnology online. The author Drexler, K. Eric, Ph.D., is an active researcher and author of a number of conference and journal articles besides this book. His work mainly focuses on the advanced nanotechnologies and the directions of the received research. He also served as Chief Technical Consultant to the Technology Roadmap for Productive Nanosystems and is currently working with World Wildlife Fund exploring nanotechnology-based solutions to global problems such as energy and climate change. I am recommending this site because the entire book is available online in html format. The book covers the basic context, concept and possible applications of nanotechnology and accordingly can be used as a good creative study reference guide.The purpose of the site is providing latest research and development news, articles, resources and a blog on nanotechnology and its applications as well as any raised issues. The publisher, Foresight Institute is a

Questionnaires for dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questionnaires for dissertation - Essay Example..........................................................................................................................Why?..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Why?........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Why?..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Why?. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Why?..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Explain........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Why?............................................................................................................................................................. ....................................

The rise of Christianity was important to the growth of the late Roman Research Paper

The rise of Christianity was important to the growth of the late Roman period. How did the Church help continue civilization after the fall of the Western Empire - search Paper ExamplePaul was an apostle who travel take across the Roman Empire in 30 years to preach Christianity to some of the important cities of the empire. Some of the cities such(prenominal) as Philippi, Athens, and Corinth consisted of thousands of desperate and poor people who were thought to be the perfect audience for the message of Christianity that supported eternal life. Paul went to the homes of these people and preached the message of savior. However, Jesus only went to the Jews while Paul took his message to the non-Jews as well.Christianity tended to ease the rules and assumeed a more relaxed approach towards the ancient laws about circumcision and food. The Jewish traditions were greatly led down due to this but this was the main reason for the widespread of Christianity. As the Christian movement foc used on non-Jewish members as well, the rules were changed from the strict ones to the relaxed ones so that Jews could adopt them. However, gradually Christianity had been adopted as a separate and new religion. As Christianity gained importance in Rome, the failings of Emperor Nero were hidden under Christians who were a far easier target. Christians were few in Rome by then even and they were now highly suspicious. Christians had become an easy target and their rituals were mistaken commonly. Nero, in this time, tortured the Roman Christians by throwing them to wild animals, burning them alive, or crucifying them1.However, even after this persecution, the Christian religion prevailed and although it did not repeat in other areas and was brief, it became more organized over the time. By 323 AD, Christianity had become the official religion in the Roman Empire. Ever since then, the Christianity and Catholic Church played a significant role in establishing and forming the Western Soc iety. end-to-end the history of the Catholic Church, it has been seen as a source of inspiration of social services such as medical care and schooling,

Independent research study - BBA Hospitality Management Paper

Independent study - BBA Hospitality Management - Research Paper ExampleThe mixer media affects communication in diverse sections and social groups in the world. Instead of mass communication, there are mass communicators (Runion, 2010). This is because the power and authorities of traditional communication bring are losing their rigours and new and sm wholeer channels are developing through the social media like Twitter and Facebook.In December, 1995, there were only 16 million internet users and this represented just 0.4% of the worlds nation at that eon (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2011). However, today, 30.4% of the worlds population is hooked onto the Internet and this represents 2.1 billion people (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2011. Many people spend a lot of their time online these days. Some go online to check their mails whilst others maintain links with interest groups, family, friends, old school mates and other relatives living overseas through social media networks.In he r assessment of her statistics on the social media industry, Evans identifies interesting facts about the social media network (2011). She identifies that there were 21 million Twitter users in the United States in 2011. She states that 40% of bloggers describe themselves as professional so they spend a considerable time working on the internet. Secondly she indicates that 60% of all Fortune viosterol companies conduct business over the popular social network site, Facebook. Facebook has over 800 million users around the globe this makes it one of the biggest concentration of the potential market that exists for all goods and services (LA Times, 2011).This means that more and more people are spending their time on the Internet and on social network sites. Also, a large community of professionals are evolving, who spend time and acquire skills which is sufficient to help build the social network as a good place to do business. This therefore means that the social network are approp riate outlets through which businesses can operate and make profit.

IBP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

IBP - Research Paper ExampleUnder the contract, an employer, in this type IBP, was responsible for thesafetyand safety violations of another employers employees, DCS in this case, and had themandateto prevent andabatesuch violations.IBP had supervisory authority and control over the worksite heedless of whether DCS created the hazards or was in a position to reduce them.In addition, IBP owned the equipment andthereforerequired toexerciseallcontrolas a contracting party andplantowner and visualise that no employee was at risk.The nature of the contract between IBP and DCS required there be a daily passtaskthat IBP employees hadpreviouslybeen doing.The contract was on-going and the relationship between the two was a close one.IBP constant contact with DCS also includedfrequentdiscussions about LOTO standards and the aromatic violations of these standards by DCS employees. While the contract held DCS responsible for LOTO standards compliance, IBP had themandateto ensure DCS compli ed even if it meant suspending or terminating the contract. IBP could have imposed penalties on DCS and its employees at any time toensureLOTO compliance. As the worksite-controlling employee, it could also have suspended and expelled employees who fragrantly violated safety

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case study - Assignment Examplee nonresistant to pay capital gains tax on the sale value if the price at which he sells is higher than the market price of the shares on the date he inherited them. If the total gain is less than 10,000, no tax is payable and of course, sale at a lower price also does not root for tax (HMRC, 2012).3. Critical Illness Cover pays out a lump sum amount when a specified illness occurs, which for Kyles mother was a minor stroke. Once the claim amount is remunerative, the coverage ceases and she is not entitled to any other payments from the insurance company. A Permanent Health Insurance (PHI) insurance form _or_ system of government would devour paid her up to 65% of her pre-tax earnings until her normal date of retirement which is 65 years of age (Conner, 2013).When Kyles mother first considered insurance, the PHI policy would bewilder been a better choice as it would have covered any medical condition that prevented her from working whereas the C ritical Illness Policy would have covered only a specified list of ailments. Since a medical condition that prevents work could occur at any age, the PHI policy would have paid her money each year until her scheduled retirement age (Bevis, 2009).For Kyles mother, the question now is whether the 68,000 lump sum she received from her Critical Illness policy at the age 59 is better than 65% of her earnings for 6 years that she would have received with the PHI policy.This question can be resolved by finding out the yearly payments a PHI policy would need to make for 6 years that would equal the present value of the lump sum she received. The stake rate is assumed as 5%. The calculation is made in the table below and shows that an annual payment of 13,397.19 for 6 years from the PHI policy would have the present value that equals the lump sum of 68,000. To get these annual payments, the mothers annual salary when she had the stroke should have been 20,611.06.4. Kyle and Helen need t o make a personal financial plan to meet both

Current business issue reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current traffic issue reflective paper - Essay Example hesitation is a subjective phenomenon unlike risk whose probabilities are known (Phillip & Patrick, 2013). Bronwynne, et al., 2005 pointed out that uncertainty involves events in which risk cannot be predicted. When one is anticipating some kind of risk, they black market to be cautious. Thus, risk is complicated and rational, but uncertainty is complex and extra rational. In risk, there are know fitted options, steps and opportunities, but uncertainty involves a multiple interactive unknowns (Bronwynne, et al., 2005). Uncertainty may relate to profitability, government policies and regulations, investment, demand, cost, pricing and production. Uncertainty in business tends to be an obstacle in decision making. In severalize to effectively deal with the issue of uncertainty in business, leading must possess good leadershiphip characteristics. In relation to dealing with uncertainties leaders are classified into three categor ies head totally- these leaders rely only on analytical tools to make quick decisions and thus are not able to balance paradoxes in todays ambiguous world. Heart only- these leaders are able to establish a strategy through being vindicated to a wide range of opinions. This may hinder them from identifying future trends. Guts only- these leaders believe in their instincts. ... It is advisable to prepare for multiple outcomes other than predicting only one outcome. This is of great help to a business because the planned for outcome may fail to happen and instead another one occurs which had been predicted and planned for, this helps the business leader to be always on their toes and ready for any eventualities (McLoughlin & Aaker, 2010). It also saves the business owner the loss of resources in terms of finances and time. Business leaders should have the knowledge to identify and rely on the predictable elements of the situation. Some situations can be predicted, and this could be o f great help to the businesses because one is almost sure as shooting that a certain eventuality will occurs and hence proper strategies are put in place to deal with such eventualities (Bronwynne, et al., 2005). Therefore in order to be able to identify the predictable element, one should be very alert and understand their business trends fully. If for example the problem is a natural calamity like flood, one can predict at what time of the year the floods are experienced. In order to effectively deal with uncertainties in business, it is vital to be agile and to do quickly to any occurrences. Once an undesirable occurrence befalls the business, leaders should be aware, listen and detect occurrences as they happen. They should adopt the detect and respond mechanism in order to effectively tackle the problem. They should also empower and mobilize their people to act fast and decisively. However, this requires charabancial and leadership skills. For example, if the uncertainty be falls an organization, the manager should be in a position to

Freedom,equality,justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Freedom,equality,justice - Essay ExampleThe root cause of unjust acts in decree, according to Karl Marx, lies in the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and resources. Marx considered equality as a purely political value, political notion, and that it belonged to the bourgeois class. However, Marx argued that this class of people use equality to perpetuate class oppression. Political equality according to Marx is a signifier of procedural equality. The legal system in monastic order accords some people more justice than others. Therefore, this is why Marx considered elements of justice, freedom, and equality as inappropriate for serving as the foundation of his politics. On the other hand, Locke and Kants view on equality was that it is based on the amount of possession one owns. In the state of temperament and even in todays centralized authority, there exists inequality in distribution of wealth, depending on ones level of authority. Therefore, the more wealth one has, the m ore he stands to achieve equality, making equality to be relative to inequality. However, they are of the opinion that the notion of equality, if practised appropriately is still substantive in society as it is entirely through this that freedom can be achieved. This is a backing to Marxs views, and to an extent shows that equality in society can be hard to achieve, as even communalist societies experience inequality in both power and wealth distribution. On justice, Marx argued that only the bourgeois prolong the right to justice in society, as this stems from the element of equality. Marx did not regard capitalistic exploitation as unjust on the side of the labourers. He only was against the means through which the bourgeois acquired their wealth and power. However, Kant thought that the concept of equality is associated with the political and social institutions in society. Marx rejected the egalitarian intuition and the fact that whatsoever equal standard could be used to fo rmulate some ideal demand of justice. He maintained that rights are best if kept unequal. Marx criticized the political, claiming that egalitarianism is an undecipherable political concept. However, bourgeois equality is based on political equality, which lies on the bourgeois economy. Therefore, according to Marx, bourgeois concepts of justice, morality, and right came up as class interests, and not based on genuine causes. Charles Mills similarly acknowledges the role of class, gender, religion, education, and race, among others in classification of people in society. All these elements according to Mils are the basis of discrimination, inequality, and seediness in society. However, unlike Marx who regarded social stratification as major cause of injustice, Mills refers to the concept of race as the main force behind approximately evils in society. Social contract according to Mills is fictitious and a reconstruction of the civil society, the racial contract is a naturalized ac count of the actual historic record (91). Mills argues that the contract concept is still important in the society despite its shortcomings. First, this can be a standard to measure the societys potential of achieving their political ideals. However, this is only possible if using the contract concept they can identify and remove obstacles that lie in their way to the accomplishment of these goals. In addition, the non-whites, in order to determine the moral awareness of the whites, who perpetuate exploitation with their acclaimed superiority, have used the concept of racial contract. Kant and Locke basing on their works in political philosophy share similar views on the racial contrac

Stopping bullying in schools Essay Example for Free

Stopping boss around in schools EssayIt is sometimes difficult to get a line how schools tail provide the environment for bullyraging to take place yet they atomic number 18 very well supervised. Bullying however is carried out secretly and in hidden beas and adults including p bents and get worders are not fit to notice when it is going on. Other reasons that ramp up it hard to detect is the fact that the school staff may analyse it as harmless play and therefore decide not to intervene. There may as well be lack of enough supervisory settings that could lead to find the appearance in its standardisedly occurrences (Wright, 2003). a) Laws on Bullying Anti bullying legislation has been developed to help curtail the rise and spread of bullying indoors the school environment. The legislation provides for firm and fair enforcement of discipline within the school and security measures that provide for a climate that does not allow for bullying and terror making. The laws postulate been developed to help the school administrators switch with the issue. They require the schools to develop anti bullying policies and programs (Clabough, 2010).A national legislation that is against bullying has been proposed to subscribe to it required for all schools to take these programs and policies that will help reduce the bullying incidents. The laws have been developed to emphasis to the schools that much is not being done to deal with bullying and that more needs to be done since bullying is an important issue that is affecting the schools. The laws are allowing for various legal actions to be taken up against the bullies who are account to have bullied a fellow student.The legal action to be taken depends on the type of criminal offence that has been reported (Clabough, 2010). For example where the offence reported ingestd included threatening the victim, legal action ass be taken for threatening behavior and this is treated as a criminal offence . When the bullied acts involve sexual assault towards the victim, the legal action can be taken against indecent assault which is also treated as a criminal offence. An offence of common assault is charged against the bully when the victim was physically abused.Legal action may also include applying for an instruction against the bullies to pr even outt them from bullying the victim. The injunction can be used to instill fear upon the bully and hence stopping them from bullying the victim. Legal action however is only carried out if the actions of the bully are in more that two separate occasions and they are constant and ongoing. Evidence has to be gathered to prove the harassment and it must deliver that it led to severe damages to the victim (Clabough, 2010). The two offences of indecent assault and common assault can also be carried out without touching the victim.b) Their grandness The anti bully legislation is very important in reducing the cases of bullying in the schools when everything has failed. The law can help sensitize the issue and discover the parents and teachers the need and importance of stopping the bullying behavior as it leads to severe consequences that are long term in some cases. The teachers and staff at the schools are taught how to identify and deal with bullying cases and establish effective strategies that enable the children report the cases of bullying within the school (Antibullying, n. d).The laws can also be used to teach and educate the children on bullying the strategies and types of bullies that are in existence and how they can deal. The laws can also help curb the spread of the practice to other areas like the work places and other environments outside the school environment. Bullies can also be helped since most of them end up committing other crimes in the adulthood (Dombeck, n. d). The consequences of bullying can also be reduced especially where they are long term and severe like in the cases of suicides and psyc hological impacts on the children.c) Suicides by Children The need for these laws has been necessitated by the increase in the number of suicides cases that have been reported. One case in particular is the case of Phoebe Prince, a 15 year student who commit suicide after she was continuously bullied by her new classmates for over 3 months (Rota, 2010). She had continuously been harassed verbally and physically by nine of her classmates, six of whom have been charged in court since the incident happened (ODowd, 2010).She had been a student of South Hadley High School located in Massachusetts, and had endured a lot of cyber bullying by dint of popular websites like facebook, Twitter, Craigslist and Form spring and she also received threatening messages on her cell phone (Clabough, 2010). In school things had been thrown at her, small-arm her face had been scribbled in her photographs that were hung on the school walls. The parents and the school officials had not done enough to st op the bullying even though they knew of the extent it had gone into.They had alternatively turned away and assumed a mentality of kids will be kids that led to the suicide. This was one of the cases that led to the Massachusetts anti bully legislation that was to curb such incidents from occurring (GLAD, 2010). d) Long Term Psychological Impact Bullying has been known to lead to long term effects that affect the victims psychology. many of the effects of bullying include self esteem problems that may cause the adult to think lowly of them selves (Dombeck, n. d). They also tend to avoid social situations referable to the interpersonal difficulties that they experience.Some of the victims of school bullying have reduced occupational opportunities since they do not get the chance to perform well in school. They have lingering bitterness and desires to seek revenge against the bullies. Some tend to have a lot of difficulty trusting people and they do not make many friends. They there fore tend to be lonely even in their adult life. In some cases the victims of school bullying continue to be bullied even in their work places and in other areas even in their adult life (Dombeck, n. d).e) Helping the Victim Over incur Victims of school bullying are normally very sad and deeply unhappy when they are in school (Banks, 1997). They suffer from low self esteem since they are usually self rejected by the classmates. There are various that the school can help the victims overcome the bullying and prevent it from occurring to them again. The first step of intervening is to ensure the victims safety. The victims are usually weaker than the bullies and hence they are not able to face the bullies on their own.The victims can be monitored when they are in schools to identify the times that they are bullied (Wright, 2003). The victim can also be advanced to make friends with other students who will influence him or her positively. This will help increase the self esteem and f ederal agency of the victim. As the victim makes more friends they may be able to help him when they are being bullied. They can be taught basic social skills to enable them make more friends. Mentors can also be allocated to the children who are bullied to be able to monitor them and protect them from the bullies (Wright, 2003).Victims can also be taught some skill that can they can use to stand up to the bullies especially when they abuse is verbal. The parents of the victims can help the children to overcome the effects of bullying. The parents can become more involved in the lives of the child to ensure that they are able to notice the instances of bullying. They can help the child speak out when they are being bullied. Counseling can also help the child deal with the psychological effects of bullying such as depression, low self esteem and anxiety.They can therefore be able to deal with the anger that they may feel against the bullies and the need to seek revenge (Dombeck, n. d ). f) Helping Bullies Bullying is normally carried out in a secretive sort and can be difficult to identify within the schools (Wright, 2003). Teachers and school administrators may not be aware of how it is carried out. They must therefore assess the seriousness of the behavior and ensure that the students are aware of the seriousness of the matter. They should also be aware of the consequences of bullying and the charges that exist for bullies.If the bullies continue threatening the lives of the other students the teachers and the school administrators should now come up with ways to help the bullies turn around their behaviors. They can confront the bullies in a firm and fair manner that will not chivvy them. They can communicate to the bullies without threatening them and give stern warnings that their behavior will not be tolerated. More stern measures can be put up if the bullies do not change their behavior. The confrontations should be carried out in private to ensure that they bully does not become defiant and refuse to compliance (Wright, 2003).To encourage them to change their behavior they can be rewarded if the cases for bullying reduce. Parents can be involved in the process to establish the reasons that lead the children to bully others. Where the reasons are base on the environment at home the parents can be involved in the process of reforming the behaviors of the bullies. Counseling can be used to help the children deal with the issues at home and reduce their chances of taking out their problems or anger on other students (Banks, 1997).

CNS Breathe Right Essay Example for Free

CNS Breathe Right EssayCompany ProfileCNS was earlier formed by Dr. Daniel Cohen and Dr. Frederick Strobl as a medical equipment companion in 1982. Strobl and Cohen were neurology residents at the University of Minnesota hospitals. Strobl was also an electrical engineer. The original intent of the company was to revolutionize headland activity monitoring by inventing and marketing a personal computer equipped with a circuit board that could analyze brain waves in real time during operations. After five years of increased technological advances but a steady decline in sales, the company chartered Fred Brooks as president. In 1990, the company finally recorded profits in 1990 for the first time by marketing their brain monitoring equipment to remainder clinics.In 1991, Cohen met with Bruce Johnson, who wanted to scientifically advance some ideas he had for a nasal dilating system. After many attempts to dilate his own nasal passages internally, he came up with the idea to dila te them externally. Johnson then spent the next three years working on a spring loaded disassemble that would lift his nostrils and appreciation them dilated. CNS then acquired the rights to market and sell this product in 1992, and Cohen reassumed the position of president.In 1993, CNS hired Richard E. Jahnke as their new president. Because of a lengthy FDA plaudit process, it took a while before the Breathe Right strips could be sold to distributors. Because of this and because of continued losses in the sleep disorder market, CNS reported more than losses in 1993. In 1994, however, things started to change. CNS was allowed shelf space in Eckerds, Walgreens, and Snyders. This, along with two endorsements from Herschel Walker and Jerry Rice, two prominent NFL athletes who swore by the use of the strip at the time, the sales of Breathe Right doubled in the fourth quarter of 1994. The company enjoyed continued success throughmarketing the strips as a use for athletic enhancement, a cure for snoring, a sleep aid, and a drug free way of degongestion.Financial and Non-Financial GoalsThe original non-financial goal of CNS was to aver efficient and useful technology to monitor brain activity that neurologists could use to effectively receive and translate data from electrical signals in the patients brain in real time during an operation. After this attempt at innovation failed to be profitable, the company acquired the marketing rights to the nasal strips invented by Bruce Johnson, and the companys primary goal was the marketing and sales of the Breathe Right nasal strip.Sourceshttp//www.answers.com/topic/cns-inchttp//www.answers.com/topic/cns-incixzz2HFZZmk2chttp//www.calmu.edu/blog/international-marketing-the-success-of-cns-breathe-right-nasal-strips/ http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=iexvzcmzYB0http//www.breatheright.com/http//www.studymode.com/essays/Analysis-Cns-Breathe-Right-Strips-62927.html

Alaskan Airlines †Strategic Choice and Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Alaskan respiratory tracts Strategic Choice and Evaluation EssayRecognizing an organizations alternatives for growth is an important process for companies. By evaluating and selecting the competitive advantages within a market a company can distinguish themselves from their competition. For an organization the grand strategies signalise the time period e very(prenominal)place which long-range objectives are to be achieved. Thus, a grand outline can be defined as a well-rounded general approach that guides a firms major actions (Pearce Robinson, 2011). Alaskan Airlines is a company that is known for their innovations and lead within in the aviation industry. Alaskan Airlines is easily identifiable beca intake of the smiling Eskimo on the tail of their songcraft. Their leadership and innovations in technology have seen them be the first to sell tickets online and allow clients to check-in and bring out boarding passes via the Internet. Alaskan Airlines has also innovate d technologies to allow for safer air travels in inclement weather conditions. In the aviation market, Alaskan Airlines must(prenominal) focus on how to assert their status as the air carrier with the next generation technology and low cost airfares. As air carriers compete for the consumer dollar Alaskan Airlines must strategically execute growth strategies.Generic StrategyAlaskan Airlines is known for its high standard of customer overhaul and industry innovation. The company sustains market leadership by leveraging generic strategy. Alaskan Airlines managed the generic strategy in all the three areas, which includes 1. Low-cost Leadership Alaska Airlines must be able to commotion low-cost through low overhead and high mathematical productivity to compete with low-fare competitors. This will enable the company to offer an exceptional quality service at competitive prices compared to the competitors. 2. Differentiation Alaskan Airlines has remained a leader in the customer s ervice industry by revolutionizing the services offered to the customer. Alaskan Airlines in the only air carrier that offers a Baggage Service Guarantee that states that the customer will receive their bags within 20 minutes of parking at the gate. If the Alaskan Airlines goes over the 20 minutes the customer will receive a 20-dollar discount code for on future flights.3. Focus One of the major focuses of Alaskan Airlines is their customer service value and the company uses that to generate success. Alaskan Airlines knew customer service was important to customers and strove to deliver world-class service. The consumers want great customer service, which is safe, and at a competitive price. The accomplishments of Alaskan Airlines are ascribed to strategic plans applied to generate the culture and service offered. The best direction for the grand strategy of Alaskan Airlines is to implement product development and innovation. Alaskan Airlines has established loyal customers based o n their quality of service and value. It is a trusted brand that thrives in customer service, safety, and value. The goal of this strategy is to continue the success of the slap-up service and innovations in aviation technologies. Innovation through product development involves the substantial modification of existing products or the understructure of new but related products that can be marketed to current customers through established channels (Pearce, 2011, p. 193). Innovation is another grand strategy used throughout Alaskan Airlines.A recent example of Alaskan Airlines implementing this strategy is, in conjunction with the FAA, working to implement quieter, more fuel-efficient arrival routes into Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. The routes use satellite-based technology, that is to say Required Navigation Performance (RNP) and Optimized Profile Descenttwo key pieces of the FAAs NextGen air traffic management system (Alaska Air, 2012, pg. 3). Attaining the long-term busi ness goals for Alaskan Airlines has been focused in increasing the quality of the flying customer experience. Alaskan Airlines consistently strives to provide the best customer experience to the consumer through consumer feedback.Alaska Airlines was the first airlines to use Internet technologies to enhance the customer service experience through their online check-in and ability to print boarding passes. The grand strategy is delivered through a last(a) marketing strategy Alaskan Airlines currently services over 60 cities and three countries, has a pro-active program in place to reduce emissions from jet engines, an spacious recycling program at facilities and is developing/using technologies to fly more economical routes. Recently Colgan Air decided not fly offer service from Presque to Logan International, PenAir a partner of Alaskan Air decided to provide the service at a $115 round trip. This gives Alaskan Airlines the ability to provide customers with outstanding service whi le becoming a better global citizen.RecommendationAlaskan Airlines, through the leadership of Brad Tilden, has been able to provide renowned customer service within in the industry and has been a leader in the innovation of technologies that can be used for the betterment of the aviation industry. The recommendation is to attend the current business model of customer service to preserve the customer positive customer experience. Alaskan Airlines should also focus on the environmental passel of the aviation industry by using more Green practices such and wind farms, more robust recycling programs and using more fuel-efficient aircraft and bio-fuel. Alaskan Airlines has very loyal patronage and through the expansion of new routes and more cities, more consumers will be able to experience flying on Alaskan Airlines. resultantAlaskan Airlines must build upon an already successful customer service program, continued improvement to the fleet of aircraft and to furthering the technologie s used within the aviation industry.ReferencesLynds, J. (2012, Jun 15). Alaskan Airline debuts services in Presque Isle. Bangor Daily News. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1020684161?accountid=35812 Pearce, J. A., II, Robinson, R. B. (2011). Strategic Management Formulation, Implementation, and Control (12th ed.). Boston, MA McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Involved In Knowing A Word

Involved In designed A intelligence agency raillery hold upledge plays an important usance in phrase memorizeing, it provides the basis for unwrapers to grasp four linguistic process skills earshot, speaking, reading and writing. Without a certain amount of names, disciples can non expect to understand fully the content of listening and reading and show their meaning clearly in the process of speaking and writing. Lexical competence is hotshot of comp whiznts of communicative competence (Meara 1996).however, tell aparting a tidings is complicated and it involves knowing its sort, meaning and example (Nation,2001) .e.g. spelling, pronunciation, grammar, denotative and connotative meaning, enounce associations, absolute frequence, juxtaposition and register.For English Learners in China, delinquent to limited exposure to the cig atomic number 18t wrangle, they hold in got difficulties with appositions and collocation errors ar oft show in their writing and sp eaking. In order to achieve a high level of competence in English, it is break for students to know to a greater extent collocations. Nowadays in China, collocation has become wholeness of the most important issues in English row teaching and learning.In this paper, offsetly, the indite attempts to explain and exemplify the question of what is involved in knowing a enounce, and some cases of backchat acquaintance are discussed. Secondly, collocation as one aspect of phrase noesis is chosen to discuss in much detail, accordingly some issues with respect to collocation are discussed, including the definition of collocation, the classification of collocations and the significant of collocation,. Finally, it deals with the schoolroom practice, as an English language teacher, some suggestions are given on the teaching of collocation in the classroom.What is involved in knowing a war cry?In the L1 acquisition, it is very gross that learners may know how to speak one int elligence activity in mother tongue but they do not know how to spell this ledger, while in L2 acquisition, learners may know the written form of member, but they do not know how to pronounce it clearly, or learners may know one meaning of a al-Quran, however, they do not know other meanings of this word in different contexts. Even learners may know both form and meaning of a word, but they do not know how to use this word leavely in different contexts. Therefore, knowing a word is quite an a complex cognitive process, and knowing a word involves agreement many aspects of word knowledge. Nation (200123) points out that words are not apart(p) units of language. Therefore, the question of what is involved in knowing a word has attracted considerable attention in the field of vocabulary acquisition. Researchers possess identified different types of word knowledge. Richards (1976) and Nation (1990, 2001) list different aspects of word knowledge which learners needs to know about a word. I result use Nations classification of word knowledge as the basis for my discussion. More information, see the appendix 2.In recent decades, Nation is one of the worlds unfolding authorities on vocabulary acquisition. Based on the earlier word framework (Nation, 1990), Nation (200127) points out that knowing a word involves knowing its form, meaning and use, and each category is broken down into open(a) and productive knowledge. Each of these three categories can be found in the discussion brief below. More details please see appendix cardinal.Word formKnowing one word form includes spoken form, written form and word move (Nation, 2001). Spoke and written form are meaty word knowledge which helps learners to move forward to literacy. The knowledge of phonics, word re physical composition and spelling provides a basis for learners to decode word meaning and use the word appropriately in different context. Knowing the spoken form agency being able to understand the sp oken form in hearing this word, this is open knowledge, as well as being able to pronounce the word clearly and launch other people understood in the conversation, this is productive knowledge. Knowing the written form meat being able to recognize the written form when reading, this is receptive knowledge in the meantime, knowing the written form means being able to spell correctly the written form in writing, this is productive knowledge (Schmitt, 2000).Schmitt points out that the more similar between the second language and first language in spelling and pronunciation, the easier learners to attain these knowledge in second language. For example, it is easier for Spanish to learn the spoken and written form of English than to learn Chinese and Japanese, due to different orthographic and pronunciation systems (ibid).In terms of word parts, it involves knowing the prefix, suffix and stem that make up a word as well as knowing the word family (Nation 2001). It is possible to decod e the meaning of unknown word when knowing the prefix, suffix or stem of this word. manage the word unbelievable, for an example. Prefix un means not, opposite, believe means trust something, -able means can be, worthy of, therefore the meaning of unbelievable is Not to be believed. In addition, Nation (2001) point out that knowing a word involves knowing the members of word family that will increase as proficiency readys. For example, knowing the word able, learners may know unable, disable, in the beginning, then they will know enable, ability, abilities, disabled disability. unremarkably, the knowledge of phonics, word reorganization and spelling are learnt by explicit instruction, such as repeat exercises, drills and rote memorization. Although this explicit instruction helps learners to rise this knowledge to some extent, however, too much depending on exercises and rote memorization leads to boredom and decrease motivation. The better steering to develop the phonics, word reorganization and spelling skill is to provide more opportunities to engage in meaningful reading and writing in the item context. In addition, Learners can be trained and encouraged to use learning strategies. Such as finding analogies, cover and recall, focusing on difficult parts and setting regular learning goals (Nation 200146).2.2 Word meaningNation (2001) points out that knowing the meaning of a word includes connecting form and meaning, plan and referents, and word associations. Normally the word form and meaning are learned together. it means that when learners hear and see the word form, the meaning of this word will believed, in the meantime, when they want to put forward the meaning of word, the form of this word will retrieved as well. Daulton (1998) points out that the same form in the target language and first language makes learning the word meanings burden light. For example, English has some loan words from Japan this helps Japanese learn some English words e asier. In terms of concepts and referents, each word has got a core concept, while other meanings vary. It means a word has got a lot of meanings depending on the different contexts. Aitcheson (1987) also points out that there is a fuzzy boundary in the meanings of a word. One of the main reasons is that schema is different in the different contexts (Schmitt, 2000). In addition, Richards (197681) claims that words do not comprise in isolation .Knowing a word involves knowing word association. Word associations are the links that words are related to each other in peoples mind. One word is given to a learner some other that are similar or opposite, and related words easily come to mind.e.g. Accident-car, blood, hospital.School- chair, table, classroom, students, teachersHome- kitchen, dish, food.2.3 Word useNation (2001) points out that knowing how to use a word involves knowing the word grammatic functions, collocations and being aware of constraints on use due to many factors, suc h as register, frequency and different cultures. Grammatical function is one of the most important linguistic constraints in choosing a word to use, and grammatical function refers to word classes and what grammatical patterns one word can fit into (ibid).e.g. we can say I know a lot, I eat a lot, I read a lot, however we cannot say I knowledge a lot, I eaten a lot, I reading a lot.Register and frequency are other particular types of word constrains on use. Register is considered as the stylistic constraints that make each word more or less appropriate for certain language situations or language purposes (Schmitt, 200031).In terms of word frequency, High frequency words (laugh) are heard and seen and used more a great deal than low frequency words (guffaw, giggle, and chuckle). Generally speaking, low frequency words are used in the particular discipline, e.g. medicine, law, engineering, literature and so on). Therefore, High frequency words are more easily recognized and recalled than low frequency words. Therefore, knowing the use of a word should be aware of constrains on use of a word.In this section, word form, word meaning and word use are discussed. Next I will select collocation as one type of word knowledge (collocation) to discuss in more detail.Firstly, I will explore the definition of collocation, the types of collocation, and then I suggest that the knowledge of collocations is requisite for learners, lastly, some advice on teaching and learning collocations in the classroom are given.The definition and clarification of collocationCollocation is defined in different guidance by researchers. collocation refers to items whose meaning is not obvious from their parts (Palm 1933 in Firth 1957, summarised in Nation, 2001317).e.g., blonde hair, shrug his shoulders, fizzy drink, bite the dust. According to Schmitt200076,collocation is draw as the tendency of two or more words to co-occur in discourse. Here co-occurrence is the main characteristic of c ollocation. Similar to Schmitt, Lewis (2000132) describes it in some other way as collocation is the way in which words co-occur in natural text in statistically significant ways, in this definition, the way words naturally co-occur is emphasized. It implies that people cannot put two or more words together arbitrarily, because words co-occur naturally. In fact, it is very common that some learners in foreign and second language context tend to put two or more words together arbitrarily because of the first language interference. For example, do a decision instead of make a decision, big rain instead of heavy rain. Nation (2001371) defines collocation asany generally certain grouping of words into phrases or clauses. This definition reflects the two criteria of collocation which are frequency occur together and have some degree of semantic whimsey (ibid). The above definitions indicate that words co-occur naturally, it is not easy for learners to get the meaning of collocation fo rm its components, and as a result, it may cause problems for learners to encounter the knowledge of collocations. The definition of collocation leads to the shift to explore the types of collocation.Collocations are divided into two basic types grammatical/syntactic collocations and Semantic/lexical collocations (Schmitt.2000). The former refers to one word combines with other words with the grammatical rule. E.g. get used to, be good at .the latter means multi words co-occur to contribute the meaning. E.g. make a mistake, catch a bus. Lewis (2000) lists different types of collocation, such as verb+noun, noun+noun, adjective + noun, verb+adjective, fixed phrase, part of proverb, binomial, trinomial and so on.The significance of learning collocations4.1 The underlying rule of organization of lexiconSinclair (1991) advances two principles (the open-choice principle and the idiom principle) to explain the organization of the texts. The open-choice principle suggests that you can put any word in the slot to make texts as want as you follow the grammar rule. It is known as slot-and-filler model. However, this principle cannot explain the collocation constrains. The idiom principle highlights that there are some regularities when two or more words combine together, and Sinclair claims that there are some constrains on the choices words in discourse(ibid), in other words, the way words co-occur are not random. Hill (2000) also corresponds with the idea that the lexicon is not arbitrary. E.g. commit. A relatively fixed set of words can co-occur with it. E.g. suicide, crime, murder, sin. But not promise, advice, plan.4.2 The size of collocationGroups of words or phrases are used very frequently to express meaning in the oral and written texts. Hill (2000) claims that two or more than two words collocations make up a huge percentage in the text. It is estimated that up to 70% of everything we use in oral and written texts are fixed expression. This widely used collo cation implies that if non-native learners have got a huge amount of collocation, it will be helpful for them to achieve native-like fluency in the target language. Nation (2001) also points out that knowing the collocation knowledge of a word is one of the most important aspects of knowing a word.4.3 Native-like fluency culture collocation helps learners to speak and write English in a more natural and accurate way (Dell and McCarthy, 2008).if learners store a huge number of collocations, this allows them to retrieve ready-made language, think more quickly and produce language efficiently (Hill 2000).in addition, they do not need to make sentences word by word to express themselves, and this assists them in using English not only naturally but accurately. According to my experience of teaching English in China, due to the first language interference, the direct translate are used to produce language, the inaccurate use of collocation is very common in the essay writing, and this is one of the main causes which lead to the emergence of Chinglish, e.g. eat medicine, make exercise, receive the telephone e, open/close the radio, look TV instead of take medicine, do exercise, answer the telephone, turn on/turn off radio, watch TV.4.4 language acquisitionLearning collocation enhances language acquisition (Hill, 2000). Nation (2001) points out that collocation helps learners to store knowledge quickly. If learners have got a huge number of collocations in mind, it is easier for them to retrieve ready-made language from their mental lexicon and think more quickly because they can recognize big chunks of language when reading and listening, and this is very helpful for them to understand the meaning in the speed of speech and the long reading texts. In contrast, if learners decode the meaning of speech and texts word by word, maybe they know the meaning of each word, however, they do not know the meaning of collocation or chunks in the long discourse. It may be diffic ult for them to get the accurate meaning of the speech and texts. Based on my teaching experiences as a high school English teacher, I found that most of the students in my class have got difficulty understanding the meaning of the entire paragraph due to lack of collocation competence. Hill (2000) also agree with this explanation that one of the main reason for having difficulty in reading or listening is due to lack of collocation competence, rather than the load of bare-ass words.E.g. as far as I know, the old sheep comes up with the idea that he will give up on his dream to look subsequently little sheep, however, he cannot make this decision due to other people. This makes him keep crying all the time.Even though students know the meaning of each word in the above paragraph, it is still very hard for them to understand the entire paragraph because they are not familiar with some collocations inside.In the above two sections, the definition, types of collocation and the signif icance of collocation were discussed. In the next section, I would like to give some suggestions on teaching and learning collocations in the classroom.5. Teaching collocations in the classroomHere are some suggestions and activities for English language teachers that will help students to submit the knowledge of collocations in the classroom.5.1 Raising awareness of collocation in classroomWoolard (2000) points out that raising learners awareness of the importance of collocations is a good way to help them notice them. Teachers should explain the rationale for collocation, the significance of learning collocation in language acquisition, and then make learners know that words are not used in isolation, knowing one word also means knowing which word is likely to co-occur with it, Teachers can emphasize in the classroom instruction that knowing collocations not only helps them to receive (reading and listening) and store language quickly but also produce language naturally and accur ately. E.g. When teaching reading, it is an effective way to ask learners to identify collocations in the texts and let them make a list of collocations. When teaching speaking, teachers can ask learners to predict the collocations of the word. If teachers encourage learners to notice collocations in input and output teaching activities, this practice will help learners develop an ability to notice and use collocations. It also helps learners to develop learner autonomy, when they read newspaper, listen to radio, watch TV and talk to other people in English. They will notice the existence of collocations in spoken and written texts.5.2 Increasing language input and providing output opportunities use the authentic reading texts is an effective way to teach collocations. In the classroom, Lewis (2000) also suggests that teachers should choose the right kind of texts which includes different types of collocations. These texts can be used in the intensive reading practice. However, this is not enough to acquire the knowledge of collocations. Krashen(1985 )points out that enough comprehensible input is a source of language acquisition. Collocations are used in different types of texts, such as newspaper, magazine, and history books. It is good for learners to do extensive reading to encounter collocations in these authentic texts and remember them in the notebooks. In addition, extensive reading provides learners with context to make the understanding of the meaning of collocation easier and deeper, therefore. Extensive reading not only helps them to know how native speakers use the collocations in the natural way, but also moves learning collocations from minuscule to long-term memory.However, Swain (1995) claims that despite the fact that learners are given a rich source of comprehensible input in the French immersion programmes in Canada. It is still hard for learners to produce the native-like language proficiency. Teaching collocations also needs to provide opportunities to learners to practice how to use collocations. These activities can be some communicative activities in terms of writing and speaking. Hill, Lewis and Lewis (2000) suggest that teachers can ask learners to find the collocations in the reading texts, and then use these collocations to reconstruct the content. Some collocation errors can be found. Teachers need to write down these errors in the blackboard and make learners to analyse them. The same activities can be done by listening to tapes or stories and then ask learners to speak out the collocations. Some exercises are used to help learners acquire collocations (Dell and McCarthy, 2008). Such as Fill in blanks, Match games True/False.5.3 Using resources Collocation Dictionaries and corpora and concordancesIt is a good way to get learners use collocation dictionaries to know more about collocations. e.g. Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English. In addition, with the development of internet, the innov ative corpora and concordances are becoming the effective way for learners to check collocations online. They provide great texts to check collocations and grow dramatically with the update texts. Corpus has brought great insights into linguistics, especially into the study of collocations.A corpus collects the written or spoken texts and stores them in the computer. It is very helpful and efficient way to use the corpus to check how the people use collocations in written or spoken texts .Sinclair (199132) defines a concordance is a collection of the occurrences of a word-form, each in its own textual environment. Compared to collocation dictionary, concordance allows us view more collocation lists in the corpus. However, I think it is necessary for teachers to provide learners with some training to help them use it well, this also encourage learner autonomy.6. ConclusionIn this paper, I have explained and exemplified the question what is involved knowing a word. Word form, word mea ning and word use were discussed briefly. Such as spelling, pronunciation, word parts, word meanings, word associations, grammatical functions, register, collocations, frequency and so on. In these many aspects of word knowledge, collocation as one type of word knowledge was chosen to explore. First, the definition and classification of collocation were discussed, and then the reason for choosing collocations was explained. Next, this author proceeded to explore how to teach collocations in the classroom. Lastly, this paper offers some suggestions on how to help learners acquire the knowledge of collocations in the classroom. addition 1The meaning of knowing a word(Richards,1976),1The native speaker of a language continues to expand his vocabulary in adulthood, whereas there is comparatively little development of syntax in adult life.2Knowing a word means knowing the degree of luck of encountering that word in speech or print. For many words we also know the sort of words most likel y to be found associated with the word3Knowing a word implies knowing the limitations imposed on the use of the word according to variations of function and situation.4Knowing a word means knowing the syntactic behavior associated with that word.5Knowing a word entails knowledge of the underlying form of a word and the derivations that can be made from it.6Knowing a word entails knowledge of the network of associations between that word and other words in language.7Knowing a word means knowing the semantic value of a word.8Knowing a word means knowing many of the different meanings associated with the word.Appendix 2What is involved in knowing a word? (Nation, 2001)FormspokenRPWhat does the word sound like?How is the word enounce?writtenRPWhat does the word look like?How is the word written and spelled?word partsRPWhat parts are placeable in this word?What word parts are needed to express the meaning?MeaningForm and meaningRPWhat meaning does this word form signal?What word form c an be used to express this meaning?Concept and referentsRPWhat is included in the concept?What items can the concept refer to?associationsRPWhat other words does this make us think of?What other words could we use instead of this one?Usegrammatical functionsRPIn what patterns does the word occur?In what patterns must we use this word?collocationsRPWhat words or types of words occur with this one?What words or types of words must we use with this one?constraints on use (register, frequency )RPWhere, when, and how often would we expect to meet this word?Where, when, and how often can we use this word?